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Kasulatan sa utang, binura ang salitang ‘witness’, sinulatan ng ‘guarantor’

ni Atty. Persida Rueda-Acosta @Magtanong Kay Attorney | August 18, 2023


Dear Chief Acosta,


May kaibigan akong tinulungan na makautang sa isa kong kaopisina ng halagang P100,000.00 at interes na 3% kada buwan. Makalipas ang ilang buwan ay nangailangan muli ng pera ang sinasabi kong kaibigan kaya sinamahan ko siyang muli sa aking kaopisina. Napag-usapan na ibabawas ang utang niya mula sa bago niyang uutanging P500,000.00. Nang pipirmahan na nila ang ginawang kasulatan, binura nila ng ballpen ang salitang “witness” at pinalitan ito ng salitang “guarantor” sa ilalim ng aking pangalan kung saan ako pinalagda bilang saksi sa pag-utang ng aking kaibigan.


Hindi ko na ito pinuna upang matapos na lamang ang usapan at nang kami ay makauwi na. Ang aking kaibigan ay hindi na ngayon masingil ng aking kaopisina sapagkat nawala na ito at hindi na namin makita. Ako na ang hinahabol upang magbayad dahil ako diumano ay isang guarantor. Tama ba ito? - Arman


Dear Arman,


Ang iyong katanungan ay sinagot na ng ating Korte Suprema sa kasong Dr. Cecilia De Los Santos v. Dr. Priscila Vibar (G.R. No. 150931, 16 July 2008, Ponente: Retired Honorable Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio). Ayon dito:


“It is axiomatic that the written word "guarantor" prevails over the typewritten word "witness." In case of conflict, the written word prevails over the printed word. Section 15 of Rule 130 provides:


Sec. 15. Written words control printed. - When an instrument consists partly of written words and partly of a printed form, and the two are inconsistent, the former controls the latter.


The rationale for this rule is that the written words are the latest expression of the will of the parties. Thus, in this case, the latest expression of Cecilia’s will is that she signed the promissory note as guarantor.


We agree with the Court of Appeals that ‘estoppel in pais’ arose in this case. Generally, estoppel is a doctrine that prevents a person from adopting an inconsistent position, attitude, or action if it will result in injury to another. One who, by his acts, representations or admissions, or by his own silence when he ought to speak out, intentionally or through culpable negligence, induces another to believe certain facts to exist and such other rightfully relies and acts on such belief, can no longer deny the existence of such fact as it will prejudice the latter.


Cecilia’s conduct in the course of the negotiations and contract signing shows that she consented to be a guarantor of the loan as witnessed by everyone present. Her act of “nodding her head,” and at the same time even smiling, expressed her voluntary assent to the insertion of the word “guarantor” after her signature. It is the same as saying that she agreed to the insertion. Also, Cecilia’s acts of making the partial payment of ₱15,000 and writing the letter to the Register of Deeds sustain the ruling that Cecilia affirmed her obligation as de Leon’s guarantor to the loan. Thus, Cecilia is now estopped from denying that she is a guarantor.”


Sang-ayon sa nasabing desisyon, ang sulat-kamay na ipinalit sa salitang typewritten ay siyang mangingibabaw kaysa sa huli. Ito kasi ang kinokonsiderang pinakahuling kalooban ng taong pumipirma patungkol sa kanyang partisipasyon sa isang transaksyon. Higit pa rito, ang iyong presensya habang ginagawa ang negosasyon at pagpayag sa pagbabago ng iyong katayuan mula “witness” patungo sa pagiging “guarantor” ay maituturing na kusang-loob, dahil hindi mo ito pinigilan o kinuwestiyon man lamang. Dahil dito, maaari kang ituring na guarantor sa utang ng iyong kaibigan, matapos mapatunayan ng pinagkautangan na hindi na matagpuan ang iyong kaibigang umutang at wala siyang ari-ariang maaaring kuhanin upang sumagot ng kanyang obligasyon.


Sana ay nabigyan namin ng linaw ang iyong katanungan. Ang payong aming ibinigay ay base lamang sa mga impormasyon na iyong inilahad at maaaring magbago kung mababawasan o madaragdagan ang mga detalye ng iyong salaysay.


Maraming salamat sa iyong patuloy na pagtitiwala.


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