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ni Atty. Persida Rueda-Acosta @Magtanong Kay Attorney | Pebrero 2, 2024

 

Dear Chief Acosta,


Bago pa man ako umalis ng Pilipinas para magtrabaho, ilang beses nang nagtaksil sa akin ang aking asawa. Paulit-ulit ko siyang pinatawad sa pag-aakalang magbabago siya. Ngunit habang nandito ako sa ibang bansa, nalaman kong may karelasyon na naman siyang iba.  Nang kumprontahin ko siya, itinanggi lang niya lahat ito. Nadurog ang puso ko nang sumunod kong nalaman na may kinakasama na siyang iba, at mas malala pa, buntis na ang kanyang kinakasama. Ang sakit-sakit ng ginawa ng aking asawa. Ang pagtataksil ba ng aking asawa ay maituturing na karahasan?  -- Ciara


Dear Ciara,


Para sa iyong kaalaman, sa kasong XXX vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 250219, 01 Marso 2023, pinasyahan ng ating Korte Suprema, sa pamamagitan ng panulat ni Honorable Associate Justice Ramon Paul L. Hernando, ang mga sumusunod: 


“The elements of a violation of Sec. 5(i) of RA 9262 are as follows:


  1. The offended party is a woman and/or her child or children;

  2. The woman is either the wife or former wife of the offender, or is a woman with whom the offender has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or is a woman with whom such offender has a common child. As for the woman’s child or children, they may be legitimate or illegitimate, or living within or without the family abode;

  3. The offender causes on the woman and/or child mental or emotional anguish; and

  4. The anguish is caused through acts of public ridicule or humiliation, repeated verbal and emotional abuse, denial of financial support or custody of minor children or access to the children or similar to such acts or omissions.


The Court in Reyes v. People, elucidated that conviction under Sec. 5(i) of RA 9262 requires proof of the indispensable elements of (1) psychological violence as the means employed by the perpetrator consisting of any acts enumerated in Sec. 5(i) or similar acts, and (2) the mental or emotional suffering or damage sustained by the offended party. Further, it has been stressed that “the law does not require proof that the victim become psychologically ill due to the psychological violence done by her abuser.


Rather, the law only requires emotional anguish and mental suffering to be proven. To establish emotional anguish or mental suffering, jurisprudence only requires that [the victim testify in court and narrate such experiences].


x x x


The testimonies of AAA and BBB clearly established the presence of the third and fourth elements, i.e., the offender causing on the woman and/or child mental or emotional anguish through acts of public ridicule or humiliation, repeated verbal and emotional abuse, denial of financial support or custody of minor children, or access to the children, or similar to such acts or omissions.


x x x


Marital infidelity is one of the forms of psychological violence. The prosecution in this case was able to satisfactorily establish petitioner’s marital infidelity, his cohabitation with CCC who even bore him a child, and his abandonment of AAA. BBB’s psychological trauma was evident when she wept in open court upon being asked to narrate petitioner’s infidelity. In particular, BBB explained that she was deeply hurt because her father had another family and loved another woman other than her mother, BBB.” 


Ayon sa kasong nabanggit, ang marital infidelity o ang pagtataksil ng iyong asawa ay maaaring ituring na isang psychological violence sa ilalim ng Republic Act No. 9262 o “Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004”.  Sa ganitong sitwasyon, maaaring makasuhan ang iyong asawang lalaki ng paglabag sa nasabing batas kung mapatutunayang siya ay nagdulot sa iyo at/o sa inyong anak ng mental or emotional anguish o pagdadalamhati dahil sa paulit-ulit na pang-aabuso sa salita at emosyon kaugnay ng kanyang pagtataksil, o sa mga katulad na gawain o pagkukulang. Dahil dito, kapag napatunayang nagkasala ang iyong asawa ay maparurusahan siya ng pagkakulong at mapagbabayad pa ng multa.


Sana ay nabigyan namin ng linaw ang iyong katanungan. Ang payong aming ibinigay ay base lamang sa mga impormasyon na iyong inilahad at maaaring magbago kung mababawasan o madaragdagan ang mga detalye ng iyong salaysay.


Maraming salamat sa iyong patuloy na pagtitiwala.


 
 

ni Atty. Persida Rueda-Acosta @Magtanong Kay Attorney | Pebrero 1, 2024

 

Dear Chief Acosta,

 

Nais kong magpakasal sa restaurant kung saan ko nakilala ang aking mapapangasawa at doon na rin gaganapin ang reception. Sabi ng aking mga magulang, ang kasal ay dapat isagawa sa simbahan at hindi sa ibang lugar. Tama ba ang aking mga magulang? -- Maya

 

Dear Maya,

 

Nakasaad sa Artikulo 8 ng “The Family Code of the Philippines” ang mga lugar kung saan maaaring isagawa ang seremonya ng kasal:

 

“Art. 8. The marriage shall be solemnized publicly in the chambers of the judge or in open court, in the church, chapel or temple, or in the office of the consul-general, consul or vice-consul, as the case may be, and not elsewhere, except in cases in marriages contracted at the point of death or in remote places in accordance with Article 29 of this Code, or when both of the parties request the solemnizing officer in writing in which case the marriage may be solemnized at a house or place designated by them in a sworn statement to that effect.” 

 

Batay sa nabanggit, ang kasal ay dapat isagawa sa publiko sa silid ng hukom o sa open court, sa simbahan, sa kapilya o templo, o sa opisina ng konsul-heneral, konsul, o bise-konsul, at hindi sa ibang lugar, maliban kung ang mga magpapakasal ay humiling sa magkakasal sa pamamagitan ng sulat kung saan ang kasal ay maaaring isagawa sa isang bahay o lugar na itinalaga nila sa isang sinumpaang salaysay sa ganoong layunin.

 

Samakatuwid, mali ang sinabi ng iyong mga magulang dahil kayong magpapakasal ay maaaring humiling sa magkakasal na isagawa ang inyong kasal sa isang restaurant na itatalaga ninyo sa pamamagitan ng isang sinumpaang salaysay.

 

Sana ay nabigyan namin ng linaw ang iyong katanungan. Ang payong aming ibinigay ay base lamang sa mga impormasyon na iyong inilahad at maaaring magbago kung mababawasan o madaragdagan ang mga detalye ng iyong salaysay.

 

Maraming salamat sa iyong patuloy na pagtitiwala.

 

 
 

ni Atty. Persida Rueda-Acosta @Magtanong Kay Attorney | Enero 31, 2024

 

Dear Chief Acosta,


Ninakawan ang isang maliit na establisimyento na malapit sa aming tinitirhan at pinatay sa saksak ang may-ari nito. Isa sa mga pinaghihinalaan na mayroong kinalaman sa krimen ay ang kaibigan ng kapatid ko. Ngunit kahit ang kapatid ko ay makapagpapatunay na nagkataon lamang na naroon ang kaibigan niya nang mangyari ang insidente at wala talaga itong kinalaman sa krimen. Ayon sa kapatid ko, matagal na nilang plano na pumunta sa nasabing establisimyento upang bumili ng mga piyesa na kakailanganin nila sa inaayos nilang sasakyan.


Nagkataon lamang na noong araw na iyon sila nagkaroon ng perang pambili ng mga nasabing piyesa, ngunit hindi na sumama ang kapatid ko sa pamimili dahil ipinagpatuloy na lamang niya ang pagkukumpuni sa sasakyan upang matapos diumano sila agad sa oras na makabili na ng piyesa ang kaibigan niya. Hindi rin diumano nila kilala ang nagnakaw o ang pinatay na may-ari ng establisimyento.


Dahil ba naroon ang kaibigan ng kapatid ko nang mangyari ang insidente ay ibig nang sabihin na kasabwat siya sa nangyaring krimen? Sana ay malinawan ninyo ako. – Natividad


Dear Natividad,


Ang pakikipagsabwatan sa krimen ay maaaring magbunga ng kriminal na responsibilidad sa sinumang mapatunayan na mayroong naging partisipasyon. Ang legal na konsepto ng pakikipagsabwatan ay nakasaad sa ating Revised Penal Code:


“Article 8. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony. - Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony are punishable only in the cases in which the law specially provides a penalty therefor.


A conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it.


There is proposal when the person who has decided to commit a felony proposes its execution to some other person or persons.”


Gayon pa man, nais naming bigyang-diin na kinakailangang mapatunayan, sa pamamagitan ng malinaw at konkretong ebidensya, na ang bawat inaakusahan ng pakikipagsabwatan ay mayroong hayagan o aktuwal na ginawa upang maisakatuparan ang krimen. 


Ayon sa ating Korte Suprema, sa panulat ni Honorable Associate Justice Minerva P. Gonzaga-Reyes, mahalagang mapatunayan, nang walang makatwirang pag-aalinlangan, ang mga akto o indikasyon sa naturang sabwatan. Ang presensya lamang ng isang tao sa pinangyarihan ng krimen ay hindi agarang mangangahulugan ng pakikipagsabwatan nito sa kriminal:


“Conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it. There is conspiracy if at the time of the commission of the felony the defendants had the same criminal purpose and acted in unison towards the execution of their common criminal design. Once the conspiracy is proven the act of one becomes the act of all regardless of who actually rendered the fatal blow on the victim. A conspirator must however, perform an overt act in furtherance of the plan to commit a felony; mere presence at the scene of the incident, knowledge of the plan or acquiescence thereto are not sufficient grounds to hold a person liable as a conspirator.  As such conspiracy must be established as any element of the crime and evidence of the conspiracy must be beyond reasonable doubt.


x x x


To our mind, the strict requirement that conspiracy must be proved by evidence beyond reasonable doubt was not satisfied by the prosecution. Nowhere in the prosecution’s evidence was it shown that the defendants acted in concert towards a common criminal purpose to kill Rolando Samonte. There is no evidence on record to show that the other four accused knew of Alina’s intent to kill the victim nor that they were present at the scene intentionally to render physical or moral support to insure Alina’s success in killing Rolando Samonte. The evidence shows that after Rolando Samonte prevailed upon Ramirez and Asuncion to surrender the wooden clubs the latter fled. They were no longer at the scene of the crime when Alina arrived nor when Alina stabbed Rolando. Ramirez’ and Asuncion’s complicity in the stabbing has no evidentiary basis.


Assuming on the other hand that defendants Salvatierra and Ignacio, who arrived at the scene with Alina in his jeep, knew of Alina’s plan to stab Rolando, there is no proof that they performed any overt act in furtherance of Alina’s evil design. They simply stayed in the jeep, without uttering a word much less, assist Alina in stabbing the victim. Mere knowledge or acquiescence to a criminal scheme is not sufficient to make them liable as conspirators. In the same vein the mere presence of Ramirez and Asuncion prior to the stabbing and that of Salvatierra and Ignacio during and after the incident at the scene of the crime by themselves cannot be taken as evidence of conspiracy absent any concrete evidence that they were intentionally present to insure the success of a common criminal design. 


x x x”

 

Sa sitwasyon ng kaibigan ng kapatid mo, hindi agarang masasabi na kasabwat siya sa krimen dahil lamang naroon siya nang maganap ito. Upang mapanagot siya sa batas, kinakailangang lubos na mapatunayan na mayroon siyang ginawa upang tumulong sa pagsasakatuparan sa nasabing krimen.


Sana ay nabigyan namin ng linaw ang iyong katanungan. Ang payong aming ibinigay ay base lamang sa mga impormasyon na iyong inilahad at maaaring magbago kung mababawasan o madaragdagan ang mga detalye ng iyong salaysay.


Maraming salamat sa iyong patuloy na pagtitiwala.


 
 
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